ExFAT (or FAT) - uses a (F)ile (A)llocation (T)able, that reside on the first few sectors of the disk, it provides a "map" of the whole disk, where as NTFS, which has an MFT (Master File Table) which is like a linked list that reside throughout the whole disk.
The thing is, using ExFAT, all file-entries and table reside in the first few megabyte of the disk, and the data is below it, so you will always see a listing of your files even if half of the drive is gone (corrupted), thus you won't notice that your files are corrupted since the files are there... (will take a long time before you realize that your files are gone)
whereas with NTFS, the file structure is scattered on the disk, so if the data for the file-entries are gone (written on the non-existent part of the disk), then you won't see the files, you will notice the corruption right away.